Groundwater influences on soil moisture and surface evaporation

Soil hydrological processes play an important role in land-atmosphere system. In most climate models, these processes are described by soil moisture variations in the first 2 m of soil resulting from precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration. Groundwater effects on soil moisture variations and surface evaporation are either neglected or not explicitly treated. Although groundwater may have a small effect on soil moisture in areas with a deep groundwater table, groundwater can act as a soil water source and have substantial effects in areas where the water table is near or within a model’s soil column. How groundwater affects soil moisture, its vertical distribution, as well as the surface water flux are the issues addressed in this study. A soil hydrological model was developed to include groundwater effects by allowing water exchange between the unsaturated zone and groundwater. The model uses a vertically varying saturation hydraulic conductivity, and is evaluated using observations at one station in the Nebraska Sand Hills. Model results show its ability to describe the roles of groundwater in maintaining the observed soil moisture, especially in deep layers. In addition, comparisons show that the soil moisture content in the first meter of the soil column from the model with groundwater is 21% greater than that from a model without groundwater. High soil moisture content in the root zone results in increased evapotranspiration (ET). The average ET in three periods from 1998 to 2000 is 7–21% higher when groundwater is considered in the model. Because of the groundwater effects, spatial variations in the groundwater table can create an additional spatial variability of soil moisture and surface water flux. This additional variability could be important in development of storms in regions whose domain has a large portion with high groundwater table. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.